Steve Jobs on Macintosh Introduction: The computer for the rest of us

you you Good evening I'm Steve Jobs from Apple computer. We're very glad to be here tonight It is 1958 IBM passes up the chance to buy a young fledgling company that has just invented a new technology called Xerography two years later Xerox is born and IBM has been kicking themselves ever since It is ten years later the late 60s Digital Equipment Corporation and others invent the minicomputer IBM dismisses the minicomputer as too small to do serious computing and therefore unimportant to their business Deck grows to become a multi hundred million dollar corporation before IBM finally enters the minicomputer market

It is now ten years later the late 70s In 1977 Apple a young fledgling company on the west coast invents the Apple to the first personal computer as we know it today IBM dismisses the personal computer as too small to do serious computing and therefore unimportant to their business The early 1980s 1981 Apple 2 has become the world's most popular computer and Apple has grown to a three hundred million dollar corporation Becoming the fastest growing company in American business history with over 50 competitors vying for a share IBM enters the personal computer market in November of 1981 with the IBM PC 19 1983 Apple and IBM emerge as the industry's strongest competitors each selling approximately 1 billion dollars worth of personal computers in 1983 each will invest greater than 50 million dollars for research and development and another 50 million dollars for television advertising alone in 1984 totaling almost one quarter of a billion dollars combined The shakeout is in full swing the first major firm goes bankrupt with others teetering on the brink total industry losses for 1983 outshadow even the combined profits of Apple and IBM for personal computers It is now 1984 It appears IBM wants it all Apple is perceived to be the only hope to offer IBM a run for its money Dealers initially welcoming IBM with open arms now fear and IBM dominated and controlled future They are increasingly turning back to Apple as the only force that can ensure their future freedom

IBM IBM wants it all and is aiming its guns on its last obstacle to industry control Apple Will big blue dominate the entire computer industry the entire information age was George Orwell, right? We are one January 24th Apple computing will introduce Macintosh and you'll see why 1984 won't be like 1984 There have only been two milestone products in our industry to date the first was night Apple 2 in 1977 the second was the IBM PC in 1981

Come on let's be fair What we need now is the third industry milestone product and that's what Macintosh is all about We've been working on this thing for over two years now and those of us that have been really close to it We'll all tell you it is insanely great And you'll have a chance to see a little bit more of it later on tonight And we're introducing it at a mainstream price point as most of you know at twenty four hundred ninety five dollars And what I want to do is run through some of the key milestones and key features of Macintosh Very briefly just in case you haven't heard all about them, and then we'll get into some more interesting stuff here The first thing is that Macintosh uses Lisa technology It's got the identical user interface of Lisa with its radical ease of use its mice windows pull down menus point click cut and paste and to accomplish this we use exactly the same microprocessor as Lisa 68,000 running at 8 megahertz and This thing eats 80 88s for breakfast Macintosh has about 192 K bytes of memory 64 K of it is ROM 128 K of it is RAM Inside the 64 K bytes of ROM is contained the entire operating system the entire graphics Foundation and subsystem and the entire user interface all the windowing stuff the menu stuff the mouse stuff all in ROM Just like the five and a quarter inch disk was a breakthrough in the 70s We think the three and a half inch disk is a breakthrough in the 80s And we're storing 400 K bytes of formatted information on one side of these floppies which fit inside your shirt pocket

Macintosh has two built-in serial ports these ports are rs-232 and rs-422 They go up to a megabit per second And they also support a local interconnect scheme called Apple bus which allows you to connect up to 32 of these products together at virtually no additional cost Macintosh has four voice sound and speech built in and It talks to you on an extremely high definition super crisp bitmap 9-inch black-and-white screen, it's really incredible as many of you might have had a chance to see at the hands-on We have one last hands-on at 9 o'clock tonight This screen has over twice the dots of the IBM PC or Apple 2 on its screen very high Definition and all of this power fits into a box one-third the size and weight of the IBM PC It's a truly transportable product and in addition to that there's a whole family of stuff that goes along with it image writer printers external disk Drives modems carrying cases and a sort of security kit, so your Macintosh doesn't go anywhere without you now You've seen some pictures of Macintosh in these slides but what I'd like to do now is show you the Macintosh in person and All of the images that you will be seeing will be generated by what's in that bag right there My Outro For My 20th Birthday

My Outro For My 20th Birthday Now we've been doing an awful lot of talking about Macintosh lately as well And tonight, really for the second time ever, we'd like to let Macintosh speak for itself Hello, I'm Macintosh. It sure is great to get out of that bag. Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking, I'd like to share with you a maxim I thought of the first time I met an IBM mainframe.

Never trust a computer you can't flip. Obviously I can't talk, but right now, I'd like to sit back and listen. So it is with considerable pride that I introduce a man who's been like a father to me, Steve Jobs. Macintosh is targeted at two primary markets And the first are those 25 million knowledge workers that sit behind desks, particularly in medium and small size offices. And the second is really the college worker.

The people in colleges that we think are going to be the knowledge workers of tomorrow. And there's greater than 11 million college students in America alone. Now, the telephone, we look at the telephone and we're really impressed with the telephone because it was the first and really the only desk appliance. To be a desk appliance, you have to do something really useful and you have to be really easy to use so people don't have to spend a lot of time learning how to use this thing. And you have to be really cheap. And we don't think there's been a desk appliance since the telephone. And what we want to do is make Macintosh the second desk appliance. Now, there are about 235 people in America, but only a fraction of them can use a computer. And the message that we have with Macintosh is that it's the computer for the rest of us.

And we're going to launch the largest advertising campaign in our history ever to communicate this message to those knowledge workers and college workers. And it's going to kick off on the Olympics on February 6th. And I'd like to show you five of those advertisements right now. It's more sophisticated, yet less complicated. It's more powerful, yet less cumbersome. It can store vast amounts of yesterday, or tell you what's in store for tomorrow. It can draw a picture, or it can draw conclusions. It's a personal computer from Apple, and it's as easy to use as this. Macintosh, the computer for the rest of us.

Introducing Macintosh. It does all the things you'd expect a personal computer to do. It does a lot of things you wouldn't expect a personal computer to do. And it does some things no other computer has ever done before. Of course, to do all this, you will have to learn to do this. You will have to learn to do this. Macintosh, the computer for the rest of us. The real genius of Macintosh, Apple's newest personal computer, isn't its 32-bit microprocessor, or that it captures the power of a mainframe on a board 10 by 10 inches, or even that it costs half as much as computers half as powerful.

The real genius of Macintosh is that you don't have to be a genius to use it. Macintosh, the computer for the rest of us. You're about to see a few people learn to use the newest, most advanced business computer in the world. If you know how to point, you already know how to use it. Macintosh, the computer for the rest of us. This is a highly sophisticated office computer, and to use it, all you have to do is learn this.

This is Macintosh from Apple, also a highly sophisticated office computer. And to use it, all you have to do is learn this. Now you decide which one is more sophisticated. Macintosh, the computer for the rest of us. So if you watch the Winter Olympics, you'll be seeing those about two to three times a night. Now, you know that over 70% of all the computers used in education are Apple's? And that makes us feel really good, because we care a lot about that.

And it's a great leverage point for the Apple II as well. And most of them are, of course, in kindergarten through 12th grades, because that's where most of the schools are, and those schools have bought computers faster than the colleges. But a year ago, we went in search of about half a dozen colleges and universities throughout America that would be using a large number of personal computers in 1984, and large meant greater than 1,000. And we didn't find a half a dozen. We found 24 major colleges and universities. And we announced this last Tuesday the Apple University Consortium, which is formed of those 24 colleges and universities. All the seven Ivy League schools are a part of this. They have placed over $50 million worth of orders today for Macintoshes. And they're going to be doing courseware development, leading the way, really, for over 3,000 schools in this country.

And they're telling us that Macintosh is the ideal college computer. So we think you're going to see lots of Macintoshes on college campuses. And here's a list of them. Stanford, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, on and on. I think you're going to be seeing a lot of Macintoshes on campuses. Now, when we designed the Apple II, we designed it in a garage. But what most people don't know is we designed it to be built in a garage. And we figure if we ever made 50 of them a month, we'd be doing well. And we surpassed that goal this last December by over 2,000. We shipped over 100,000 Apple IIs in December. But what we wanted to do with Macintosh was make it the first personal computer that was designed from the start to be built in the millions.

There's never been a personal computer that you could say this about. And let me show you how a Macintosh is built. We start off with a front bezel. This is the most highly tooled piece of plastic that we've ever done. And we lay it face down. We attach a stamp metal frame to it. And we attach the cathode ray tube. And then we add the one analog board, which has the entire high-definition video electronics and the entire lightweight switching power supply that we pioneered with the II. And then we add the 3 1⁄2-inch disk drive and a shield surrounding that drive. And then we add the one board containing the entire 32-bit graphics processing digital computer. It's less than 10 inches square. We attach the cables. And with four screws we put on the rear case, Macintosh is tilted up for the first time and ready to go into an automated burn-in.

After the burn-in, the keyboard and the mouse are added. And our challenge is to do this once every 27 seconds. Now, in order to do this, we designed Macintosh every step of the way for manufacturability. But in addition to that, in addition to just designing the machine, in the last year and a half, we've designed and built the machine to build the machines. We've spent over $20 million on the computer industry's first automated factory. It's in Fremont, California, and it overlooks Ford and GM. And just to give you some feeling for the factory, it's based on two simple concepts, just-in-time delivery of zero-defect parts. And it's a process which allows extremely high-volume production of extremely high-quality computers.

These are just some factory shots that we pulled out. We are currently making over 500 Macintoshes a day in this factory. And we will be ramping up to one every 27 seconds within the next year. And we will be ramping up to one every 27 seconds within the next few months. Now, Macintosh was developed by a small team of people, less than 100. And you're going to have a chance to meet and ask several of them some questions tonight. And this group of people, they're more like artists than they are engineers. They're not really interested in careers. What they're interested in is doing something insanely great. and then getting it out into the world to leverage their energy. And they were able to leverage the resources of a billion-dollar company in developing Macintosh.

And I've never in my life had the privilege of working with such a fine, fine group of people. And we think Macintosh has changed our lives, working with it over the last few years, and we think it's going to change the lives of millions of people that buy them. And we made a slideshow, mostly for ourselves, I suppose, to sort of capture the spirit of this crazy group of people. And I'd like to show it now, and you can get some idea of what I'm talking about. We started in a very tight-knit, small group, and we had this dream.

It was sort of us against the rest of the world. But we started working on it, and us five, six, seven people believed in the dream, and eventually it sort of grew. The machine is based on the Motorola 68000 microchip. When we started working on Macintosh, we really wanted to get a unique synergy. Firstly, there's 128k bytes of dynamic RAM. There's 64k bytes of ROM. No compromise. Do it right. Do it really good, the way you would want it, and then figure out how to make it cheap so people can afford it. The display is a bitmap display. It has 512 by 342 dots.

And we all loved the machine so much that everybody was interested in the whole picture. There is an interface for an external disk drive already built into Macintosh. What I particularly enjoyed about working with the people on the Macintosh project is the spirit of cooperation between the groups and individuals. There's an engraving that is on the inside of the back cover of the Macintosh case that has everyone's signature that worked on the original design. We looked at every detail, every small thing. Will this work in France? Will it work in Japan? When you're working on something as wonderful as Macintosh, you want to bring it out to the whole world. It will come out and it will be, I think, several years ahead of its time. It is the best possible thing that could be done today.

You know, when people ask us who is Macintosh for, we like to say that the market for Mac is the disk. Over the last few years, we've sold between three quarters of a million and a million Apple IIs. And that seems like a really large number. But even a bigger number is 25 million. And that's the number of knowledge workers in the United States alone who are sitting behind desks every day doing their work. And the way they do their work really hasn't changed since probably the start of the Industrial Revolution. So our marketing goal is really very simple. It's to create a product that will improve the life at the desk. To appeal to this vast group of people who know very little about computers at all. First of all, Macintosh will have to be a very, very powerful computer because it has to handle lots of information processing problems for the knowledge workers.

So the brains of the computer is the Motorola 68000, a 32-bit microprocessor. Our second concern has to do with ease of learning and ease of use. We've taken the mystery out of computers and you learn how to use a Macintosh. Our third concern is with the actual physical package, the thing you touch and hold. We want Macintosh to be the first desk appliance that sits with you at your desk in your office place. And last of all, we know we have to provide lots of data We know we have to provide lots of very real solutions to those people at the desk. So we've come up with a wide variety of very good software applications like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, accounting packages.

And because we're Apple, we'll be sure to toss in a few great games so you can have fun when the boss is not around. And in the years to come, we expect literally hundreds of new Macintosh applications to come from all the leading software houses all around the world. You know, for us in the Macintosh group, the product is like this torch being carried into a pitch black room. We like to say that it's simply incredibly, insanely great. Here, let me show you what I mean. It's like the cursor is not connected to the mouse anymore. It's connected to your hand and you're just moving your hand around. Pointing with your finger. The user doesn't have to get mucked up in the mechanics of how they want to do what they have to do.

They can just go and do it and make it look neat and wonderful. When you turn on Mac, what appears before you is a crisp black and white picture with a little bar across the top with words that suggest things you might be able to do. When you find the command that you want to execute, you simply let up on the button of the mouse and that command will be executed. A great number of the things that you see are little pictures called icons. Symbols that actually allow a user to perform an operation that the symbol represents. One of the starting points of Mac software is Bill Atkinson's amazing Quick Draw.

A graphics package that's the heart and soul of not only Macintosh but Lisa. The reason we have multiple fonts is because the world has multiple fonts. We emulate the real world by providing a variety of type styles just like you'd see in any well typeset manual or book. We built a machine that would be fun for us to use. Fun doesn't just mean playing games. Fun means using a word processor, using a spreadsheet can be fun too. Part of what we really want to do is recreate the Apple II phenomenon. There are several thousand extremely bright and talented software developers doing software for the Apple II and it's an incredible competitive advantage to be able to do that.

It's a great opportunity for us to be able to do that. It's a great opportunity for us to be able to do that. It's a great opportunity for us to be able to do that. There are several thousand extremely bright and talented software developers doing software for the Apple II and it's an incredible competitive advantage to be able to do that. In the software business, volume is everything. You want to be able to sell onto a large set of machines. Microsoft is choosing this Apple Macintosh environment because over time the other environments won't be interesting. The technology that's in Macintosh makes it possible for us to move the state of the art ahead in software. We can really do something that's of value to people, to lots and lots of people, that we simply couldn't do before and that's what's exciting and that's why we're in business.

So we're going to devote at least half of our R&D resources developing software specifically for the Macintosh and I wouldn't do that unless I really believed in, one, the product and secondly that we had a chance to have an outstanding relationship with Apple. The manufacturing philosophy behind Macintosh started out as being able to find a way to make a truly high-quality, low-cost, personal computer. And that way is focusing on a quality improvement process. This improvement process has two key ingredients.

The first being quality being defined as conformance to requirements and the second being a performance standard that focuses on zero defects. So we've designed this whole process, the whole factory, at the same time as the product and with the product. And we're going to be making a computer every 27 seconds. That's a thousand computers in an eight-hour shift. And the way we're going to accomplish this high volume is through our working relationships with our vendors. And these relationships will focus on delivering us 100% quality parts. What we're all excited about is that we know Mac is sort of the next big revolution in the kind of tool that we can give to every person.

When you think about it, you know, over three quarters of a million people, well over a million people by the time Mac is introduced, will have gone through the less than fun experience of having to learn at least 50 bizarre words and will have had to have remembered dozens of sequences of esoteric commands. And I think once a tool like Mac hits, which eliminates the need for that, then you're going to see the numbers jump from really hundreds of thousands to millions to tens of millions. And that's what this next revolution is all about. Maybe that will give you some sort of an idea of what went on in two years to make this thing.

And that's what this next revolution is all about. And that's what this next revolution is all about. And that's what this next revolution is all about. And that's what this next revolution is all about.

The third Lisa was Lisa 210. It's got a built-in 10 megabyte Winchester disk drive right above the floppy there. And it's $54.95. Now, all the Lisas we switched over to use the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive. We feel so strongly that it's the drive of the 80s. And it's totally compatible with Mac, and we're doing something for all the existing Lisa 1 owners. We are upgrading their Lisa 1 to a Lisa 25. That means changing the 3.5-inch disk drives. They're changing the 5.25 for 3.5 and giving them a new front bezel and some new software. And that upgrade is entirely free for all existing owners. So as we move forward with the second iteration of this technology, we absolutely don't want to penalize those pioneers.

And so we're just pulling them right along with us at no additional cost. But the other neat thing about all the three new Lisas and all the Lisa 1s is that they're 100% Macintosh software compatible. We pulled it off. And together, these four workstations are the foundation of what we're calling the Apple 32 Supermicros. It's a family of compatible products based on Lisa technology and 32-bit architecture. And if you look at the four workstations, they now span a pretty wide range of price and performance, all the way from the key building block, which is Macintosh, at $24.95, to sort of the flagship in performance, which is Lisa 210 at $54.95. Now, let me tell you a few other things in addition to workstations, which are going to form the basis of this Supermicros family.

The first thing is Applebus. Now, as you all know, local area networks, the whole area of local area networking is a joke right now. Ethernet never really took off. IBM has been promising the world a local area network now for two years and hasn't announced anything. And the last thing the world needs is another local area network. So what we're going to do is simply wait until those standards emerge and connect to those standards. But while those standards are emerging, people still want to hook things together, yet they don't want to pay $1,000 per computer to hook them onto some sort of network. And so what we've done is we have built in Applebus to every single Lisa 1, Lisa 2, and Macintosh. It's built in. It operates at 230 kilobits per second. It operates up to 1,000 meters – excuse me, 1,000 feet.

And for about $25 per computer retail, you'll be able to buy a little box that screws on the back that simply has a little transformer and a few connectors in it and hook up the 32 Macintoshes, Lisas, and peripherals together for virtually free. And we think that this will be a really good idea for the next 24 months until the networking really shakes out. We're going to think of it as Freenet. The next thing that we need to do is we need to print out these amazing graphics that we can create. Now, we have the ImageWriter printer, which we think is pretty much of a breakthrough in terms of the price to do this. It sells for $595, and when you buy it with a Macintosh, it's $495. But something we're really excited about is higher-resolution dot printing.

And before the end of 1984, we will introduce a breakthrough in laser-xerographic printing for under $5,000. And we're working very hard on that, and I think when you see the results, you'll be really happy. Next thing that we need is we need to talk to these big blue mainframes. And to do that, we've got a little box called the Apple line box for about $1,000. It's available now, and it hooks up to any Macintosh release and talks full 3278 Datacom with any IBM mainframe, does it as well or better than an IBM PC. This fall, you'll see small file servers in the 10 to 20 megabyte class that hook up to AppleBus and a shared Winchester that you can share among a bunch of Macintoshes and leases.

It'll be very, very inexpensive. And then something that we'll hope to get out late this year or early next year is a Unix server. And we think Unix is a pretty lousy operating system to put inside a workstation. It's old technology, and it's really big, and you need a Winchester, so you can never make the workstations cheap. But we think it's a great operating system when you're in a multi-user environment. And what we're going to be doing is coming out with a server, which is a large disk, a very fast CPU that hangs on the network that allows you to run Unix and vertical applications on top of it and put Macintoshes and leases as really sort of new wave terminals into that software. Now, we thought long and hard about whether we should come out with an IBM PC compatible. And we do a lot of market research.

We have a pretty good brand out there in the marketplace, and we could have sold a lot of them. But that's not what we wanted to do. What we want to do is we want to establish a second standard in the office based on radical ease of use and the kind of power that these workstations are able to provide. But we know that if we're going to do that, we need to build bridges to the IBM world. We think there's three major bridges that we have to build. The first one, and most importantly, is for all the great software that runs in the IBM products, we've got to have better versions running on our Apple 32 workstations. And I think by the summer or early fall, we will have accomplished that goal. The second is local area network support. We expect IBM to introduce one or two local area networks in the April, May, June timeframe, and we will connect to the most prevalent of those networks.

And the third is the 3278 data communications, which we're doing now. So we think if we build these three bridges to the IBM network, that we can continue to sell better computers. Now, if you go back about 100 years to the 1880s, there were approximately 20,000-25,000 trained telegraph operators in the United States. And you really could send a telegram between Boston and San Francisco and it would take about three or four hours and go through the relay stations, and it really worked. And it was a great breakthrough in technology that had been around for about 30, 40 years. And there were some people that talked about putting a telegraph machine on every desk in America to improve productivity. Now, what those people didn't know was about the same time Alexander Graham Bell filed the original patents for the telephone.

A breakthrough in technology. Because putting a telegraph machine on every desk in America to improve productivity wouldn't have worked. People wouldn't have spent the 20 to 40 to 100 hours to learn Morse code. They just wouldn't have done it. But with the telephone, within 10 years, there were over 200,000 telephones on desks in America. It was a breakthrough because people already knew how to use it. It performed the same basic function, but radical ease of use. And in addition to just letting you type in the words or click in the words, it let you sing. It let you intone your sentences to really get your meanings across. We are at that juncture in our industry right now. There are people suggesting that we should put a current generation box on everyone's desk to improve productivity.

A telegraph, if you will. And we don't believe that. We don't think it will work. People will not read those damn 400-page WordStar manuals. They won't carry around these cards in their pockets with 150 slash WZs. They're not going to do it. And what we think we have here today, finally, is the first telephone. And in addition to letting you do the old spreadsheets and word processing, it lets you sing. It lets you make pictures. It lets you make diagrams where you can cut them and paste them into your documents. It lets you put that sentence in bold Helvetica or old English if that's the way you want to express yourself. What we think we've done is we've gotten us back on the track of letting us bring this technology, not just to people that have them hooked up to these big blue boxes in Fortune 500 corporations.

Sure, we want to sell our products to those people. But what we're really doing, the reason we're doing what we're doing, is because we want to bring this to tens of millions of people. And never before has the time been riper, and never before with a radically easier-to-use 32-bit technology have we been closer to doing just that. So with that, I'd like to ask everyone to just stand up and relax for a few minutes, and we're going to put a few tables up here and bring the Macintosh software team and one of the members of the hardware team up here and answer whatever questions you might have about what we're doing. Thanks. Thanks.

Let's talk a little bit about the piece that they did, starting with my right, your left, I guess. My name is Steve Capps, and I worked a little bit on the ROM, and I helped Bruce Horn with the Finder. My name is Andy Hertzfeld, and I worked on a lot of the system software for Macintosh. My name is Randy Wiginton, and I wrote the word processor. My name is Bill Atkinson. I did the QuickDraw graphics primitives and the Mac Paint application. I'm Bruce Horn, and I worked on the ROM a little and on the Finder with Steve Capps. My name is Burl Smith, and I designed the digital logic board for Macintosh. I'm Owen Benshorn. I did the printing. My name is Ronnie Seabock, and I wrote the mouse lesson that you get on your Mac iDisk and the font mover.

So if we have some really great questions, we'd like to answer them. But before we do, Bill and Randy are going to run through some really quick demos, which you'll be able to see up on that screen to give you a little feeling for the kinds of things that we can do. I'm going to show you the Mac Paint graphics editor that runs on Macintosh and lets you edit images. Sometimes conveying your message goes better with pictures than with words. What you see when you open up Mac Paint is three palettes, a palette of current tools, a palette of patterns, and a palette of border thicknesses. To use them, you point with the mouse and click on a tool and press, stretch out a line here and release when you've got the line.

Or choose a different thickness and do the same. There are structure tools along here that let you make hollow and filled objects, like a filled rectangle here. Choose a pattern to fill it with, and here make a filled oval. You can erase parts of the image using this little thing that looks like a brick. It's supposed to be an eraser, but that's the best I could do. And if you just scrub with it, it kind of eats away. And after you get bored with scrubbing a lot, you can just click twice and it'll get rid of everything. This tool lets me draw a curved filled object.

When I let go of the mouse, it will complete the curve and fill it in. Or here, a polygonal object, where I just click at each vertex, and when I click twice, it finishes it off for me. A little more free-form tool is the brush tool. Here, I'll erase things here and draw something with a brush. It's a lot like scribbling with a crayon. You can use it in conjunction with a pattern. For example, let's choose a large brush shape. You have a variety of shapes you can choose from. You just click on one, and we'll choose a big round brush here and draw with that. Somehow, the patterns sort of magically line up.

I'm a little nervous, so I'm not too good with a mouse. The next tool here is a spray can. It lets me use a spray can to spray paint. You can use a spray can to spray paint. You can use a spray can to spray paint. The next tool here is a spray can. It lets me do smooth shading. I can kind of gradually shade in something, and the longer I spray, the darker it gets. For example, I might take this circle and turn it into a three-dimensional sphere by shading it in.

Maybe I'll pick up a little bit of white paint and spray with that to put a highlight on it. I can even control individual pixels. I can point at a dot and turn it on or off. You have to kind of squint a bit, or you can go into fat bits, which lets you see a magnified view, and then it's easy for me to turn on and off bits. The hand tool lets me scroll. I can press on the document and push it around underneath the window. So up in the left-hand corner, I'm seeing a normal-size view, and here I'm seeing a little bit magnified view so that I can act right on it.

If you click in the small-size view, you go back to normal size. If you have edges on your document, you can fill in areas using the paint bucket. Some people say it looks like a graduation cap, but it's supposed to be a paint bucket pouring paint out the tip of it. So if you select a pattern and press, you can just fill in with that color of paint. It's like a coloring book. Then there's a tool for making text. You can point someplace and type. That's the first time I touched the keyboard, and I'm not a very good typer. Change the sizes and the emphasis things, et cetera.

The next two tools at the top allow you to work on a portion of the image. The rectangle selector here says, I want to grab this rectangular chunk of the image, and you see little marching ants around it to help you distinguish what's selected. When you point inside the selection, you can pull on it, and it'll come with you. If you hold down the Option key, then as you do so, it leaves behind the old one, so you can peel off a copy easily. If you hold down the Feature key, it stretches it instead. I'll undo that. Notice when I'm dragging this, it carries around a rectangle of white.

Sometimes you want to select a non-rectangular selection, and notice this carries just the ball. I just lasso around the object. When I let go, the lasso tightens around it and gets just that thing. Again, Option will peel off a copy, and in fact, Feature and Option will peel off many copies. Applause If I select a portion of the image, I can also do edit commands on it.

I can say to rotate that on its side, and that helps me when I want to put a label on the side of something. Or I can say to select a portion of the image and say flip that horizontally, or flip it vertically, or invert it. Many different transforms that I want to do onto the image. So far, we've been working on one portion of the page. About a third of it, as well, you can see it on the screen, though you're dealing with a whole printer full, an 8x10 page. When you say show page, it'll show you the entire page, and it shows a rectangle that shows what portion you're looking at now. I can pull that rectangle down to another portion of the page to scroll to there and say that's the portion I want to work on.

I prepared an image ahead of time, a little fish, and I'll select that with the lasso and copy that into the clipboard. This lets me take it between different documents. I can now paste that into another MacPaint document, or I'm going to quit MacPaint, and we'll even paste this into a word processing document. Randy Wigington is now going to show us the MacWrite word processor. Thank you. Applause As incredible as MacPaint is, it's really nothing compared to the quick-draw routines that...

No, no, it's nothing compared to... The quick job routines that Bill wrote for the ROM, and he also wrote for Lisa. If it weren't for Bill, none of us would be up here on this stage. I'd like to thank him for that. I thought you were going to say compared to Mac, right? No. No, it's a lot more interesting than a word processor. The whole thrust behind Mac is to make everything easy to use and very visually oriented. As Steve said, we didn't want you to remember a lot of escape slash command Zs or anything like that. The whole idea is that whatever you see on the screen is what you're going to get on the printed page, and we wanted things to be simple and easy to use. With MacWrite, even though there's a lot of features, they're all very easy to use. For example, to type, all you do is you simply point the mouse somewhere, you click, and you start typing.

Now you type. No great feat. You can also, however, go up and change the style. I'm going to type some underlined text. You can also type lowercase letters. Additionally, you not only have a choice of changing all the styles, but you can additionally change the size of any font that you're dealing in. I'm going to go to a larger font. Additionally, we have a large choice of fonts. All of these fonts come provided with each disc. One of my favorites is London, which is Old English. This is wonderful for writing letters to mom. Really thinks you're getting a classic education this way.

Another font that is one of my favorites is the one called San Francisco. This is used for Apple's new program called Cons Can't Wait. This isn't a very successful con. It has problems. You'll notice here that we have a document that was formatted with left and right margins. However, you haven't so far seen a way to control those. The way we do that is through the use of rulers. A ruler affects the format of the text from it up to the next ruler. I simply say show rulers. We can see the ruler that's formatting all of this text here. We have choice. We have left margin in the first line indent.

Over here, we have a right margin. Here, we have a tab stop. Here, we have three buttons that determine the spacing of your document, single spaced, one and a half spaced, or double spaced. You simply click on the box that you want to format the text according to your desires. We have center justify, right justify, or fill justify, where your margins are fully justified on both sides. We wanted you to see the printer image. The printing routines that were written by Owen Densmore do all the printing magic, so I can't claim credit there. Here's a table that we entered earlier. Additionally, we wanted you to be able to format tables featuring numerics and normal text and be able to change these and edit these as you wanted.

We have two types of tabs, normal tabs and decimal tabs. These are tab wells that I can get extra tabs from. Here's a decimal tab. A decimal tab right justifies text up to a decimal point. Notice that this column, all of the decimal points are lined up. If we simply point at the tab, move it, and let go, the column will reformat underneath the new tab stop. Move it back. This is pretty useful for formatting tables and things like that. Well, earlier, Bill made a picture, and a picture's worth a thousand words, and we thought we wanted to be able to handle that. So if you simply point and click, we can go ahead and paste, and the picture will now appear in the middle of your word processor document. This is pretty useful for illustrations and graphs and things like that.

If you click on it, you can form a box around that. You can move the picture around. You can make your picture real small, make it real large. Fish is still ugly. We'll just make it look like a sardine. And one feature I forgot to cover was if you wish to replace some text, for example, I wish to have this letter written to trout rather than squid, you simply select the text you want to type in, and you type the replacement. Nothing else to remember. You can also go back and change any fonts anytime you want. We can select all this. Let's put all of that in the San Francisco font. That's my favorite. And we can also make it all large. We can underline it.

If you make a mistake at any time, no matter what you've done, you can always go back to the Edit menu and select Undo. It will tell you what you're undoing, and we'll go back to the way it was before. If, for example, you had a lot of this selected, and as happens sometimes, your cat jumps on the keyboard and types that, you simply go up and you say Undo, and you're back to where you were. We wanted to make it pretty forgiving so that you wouldn't curse at me later. OK, thank you. Thank you. Do we have any questions we might be able to help answer? Yes, in the front. I know about the sound generation. What is the chip, and how can we get information on writing music software for this?

Great. I'd like to ask Burl to talk a little bit about the hardware, and for Andy to talk a little bit about the software. Burl? We don't use any particular integrated circuit. Rather, the sound generation hardware is fully integrated in with the logic and timings of the machine. In addition, there's software support that provides up to four voices of sound with 24-bit sound pitch control or speech that you heard today. So basically, the way it works, as far as the hardware is concerned, Burl is fetching every 44 microseconds. He fetches an 8-bit value and throws it into a digital to analog converter. And it was up to me to make that easy to use and generate pitches out of that. So the way it sort of works is the sound driver wakes up at the end of every video screen and computes the next 370 values to fill the buffer with.

It can do this in a variety of ways. The most common way is to use what we call the four-voice sound generator. You can specify four totally different independent waveforms and a 24-bit pitch value for those sounds. And it will generate four simultaneous tones to do music-type stuff. Of course, that isn't enough to do. That's great for doing periodic-type sounds like music. But to generate speech, such as you heard demonstrated today, you need to be able to pump long waveforms through the speaker. So the sound driver also permits you to pump arbitrary waveforms scaled to any frequency rate through the speaker. OK. Next? Yeah, in the back there.

You have an intermediate letter-quality printer, but you talk about the laser printer and the dot matrix. The question is, do we have an intermediate letter-quality printer? The answer to that is yes and no. I'll handle the no first. No, we don't have one, because we don't believe in them. We believe in letter-quality output, but we believe in getting that through much higher-resolution dot printing, such as a laser printer. The Macintosh hardware supports letter-quality printing, and some people like Microsoft are going to probably support daisy-wheel printers. The problem is, how do you print the fish with a daisy-wheel printer? And how do you print Old English with a daisy-wheel printer?

Let me ask Owen Densmore to jump in. Since Owen wrote all the printing for Macintosh and Lisa, he's like a printing guru. I'm not too sure what the question is, other than, are we going to do something like that? The most important thing from my standpoint, and the largest challenge I faced when I worked on the Macintosh, was really to design the printing interface so it was a miniature application running inside the host program. It's fully configurable. It's rather easy, conceptually, anyway. You stay up a lot of nights working it out, as my family can attest. But it's a very configurable design. The idea being that if a given application sorely needs a daisy-wheel printer to make the revolution happen, it will happen.

Unfortunately, it's not very much fun. And Bill gets to have all this great time, you see, with his graphics program. I don't want to be left out, so I want to go after color. I want to go after higher resolution. I want to go after typesetters. I think that there's a big need for typesetting applications in the industry, and I think we're going to do that. I think that really is going to be more interesting. One final note. If you look at the output that you get off a $500 image writer printer, it's pretty amazing. And we can't stand up here and say it's letter quality output that you might want to send out of a legal office, but with the exception of those kind of very high-end applications, you'd be surprised at how good it is. And the beauty of the fonts, in many cases, makes up for the slight lack of resolution.

You ought to take a look at it. It's pretty good. Anything else? Yes. Do you have any information on the new assembler for it that will be available in the third quarter? The question was, do we have any information on a new assembler that will be available in the third quarter? I guess, come grab one of us after the meeting. I'll try to fill you in on all that stuff. Yes? What about communication with existing 8-bit software and 8-bit programs to interface them with using MacWrite, for instance, actually in both directions? How will it accept an ASCII file? Randy? The terminal emulation program is coming from Apple in the very near future. That will allow you to bring files over. Of course, they won't have the formatting information if no one else does that right now.

Yes? I have a couple of questions about the word processor. First of all, with the justification that you were demonstrating, it always affected the entire document. Now, most of the time, you wouldn't want to center the entire document. You might just want to center a header over the top and then just leave the rest of the thing format. I wanted to see how that was done. All right. Thank you. Do you have any other questions? Yes? Trout with squid, which was very conveniently also five letters. What if you want to change it to halibut, or quail? Oh, these are hard questions. You can do whatever you like.

OK, any other questions? Yes, over there on the right. What's the development environment? If we want to develop software for the Macintosh, do we get the Lisa 2s and do it there? Is it the same tools environment that's available on the Lisa? What's the development environment, Steve Hackson? Currently, we're developing all the software on the Lisa. And we have this downloading program that you download your programs onto the Mac. And there's a debugging terminal that can be anything that talks ASCII. So you could get by with a Lisa and a Macintosh. In the future, we will hopefully be totally Macintosh based. Is the development language Pascal? We have Pascal and 68,000, similar language. We have versions of C up on the Macintosh.

I'm not sure when they'll be available. Yes? Earlier, you mentioned how you were not going to abandon the Lisa 1 Pioneers. What about the Apple 2e Pioneers? Oh, God. There's some question is, what about all the people that own Apple 2es? I would, first of all, say that you own the most popular serious personal computer of all time, number one. Number two, I think that statement's going to be true three years from now. See, the real interesting question is, when will we sell more of these in a quarter or in a month than we do Apple 2es or follow on Apple 2 products? And I don't think it's going to be 1984. And I don't think it's going to be 1985. We sold 100,000, actually about 110,000 2es in December.

What happened was we had sort of a flat October because it's hard to compete against a product that doesn't exist. The minute that PCjr was introduced, our sales went through the roof. And I think you're going to see an incredible commitment to the Apple 2 on the part of ourselves and that third party community. We're spending as much R&D on the Apple 2 family as we are on the Apple 32-bit family. And as you've seen, we have the mouse on the Apple 2. It actually runs pull-down menus in a sort of simplified version of Paint that Bill helped someone else do. And you're going to see a lot of stuff on the 2. You're going to see some very exciting things in 1984 on the 2 because we're really committed to that product.

Yeah. A matter of fact, there's someone here tonight that we might want to bring up here that had a lot to do with the Apple 2. Was? Was. Was flew in from Seattle. We didn't know he was coming, and he just showed up here, and he's here. Any other questions? Yes. Do we have a spreadsheet program for Mac? Microsoft has announced a multi-plan for Macintosh, and it's in the stores now.

And Lotus has announced one, two, three for Macintosh, and it's in their development labs now. Yes. What about availability for other things from Apple? You mentioned, what, 27 computers every second, or one computer every 27 seconds. When are we going to get software? The question was, when are you going to get software? Mac terminal, Logo, and then we're at a 30-hour peak now. As you know, the word processor and paint are available now. We are rolling out the terminal program, I believe, in February, Mac terminal. Mac Pascal is, I believe, March. Mac Logo, I think, has slipped. We've got a version of BASIC, which is really hot, that we've also slipped on, probably in the May, June time frame at the latest, although Microsoft's version of BASIC is going to be on the shelves within 30 days.

Oh, it's available now. Oh, great. Great. Any from the real back? Yeah, just stand up, because we can't see you. Same color in a monitor in the near future. Yeah. And secondly, do you see a 3 and 1 1-inch diskette as a handicap in a 5-inch world? OK, the first question was, do we see a 3 and 1-inch diskette as a handicap? Clearly, we do not. We're storing, as we said, 400k bytes of information on one side of the diskette. You can throw these things. You can take them, and I would never do that with a 5 and 1 1-inch floppy, and I bet that diskette will still work. They're really tightly protected. They don't need these ridiculous jackets.

They're very high capacity, and they're very reliable, and will allow us to build smaller and smaller products in the future. So we're really happy with that decision, so happy that we converted all of the leases over to it. And you can expect that all future 32-bit products from Apple will use that technology for floppy diskette storage. On the color side, we had a very interesting challenge and a choice. We knew how to do low-resolution color, which is the kind that you can get on current generation personal computers. And we had a breakthrough on how to do high-resolution, high-definition black and white. And as you can see from the Macintosh display, it's very high-definition. We could not figure out a way to take very high-definition color, which currently sells for $15,000 to $20,000, and figure out how to put it in a box that would sell for $2,500.

We don't think there's a way to do it today. So the question was, should we go with low-resolution color, which you really don't want to stare at all day, or high-definition black and white? And we chose the latter, because there are a group of technologies converging around black and white. As an example, the technology that lets us do the very high-definition CRT in Macintosh. Secondly, someday we hope to put a Macintosh in a book with flat panel technology, which will most certainly be initially monochromatic. And the third is that laser printing technology is going to be monochromatic initially as well. So there appears to be a lot of these high-resolution black and white technologies converging in the next three or four years, which are going to allow us to blossom that out into a complete system. Someday there'll be color, and as a matter of fact, Bill built color into Quick Draw from day one. But the types of products for the next 24 months are going to be monochromatic.

Animation. What's that? Animation. Animation, that's a great word. What about Mac? Software for animation? Andy? Mac is capable of doing some incredible animation, and I'm sure you'll see some amazing animation editors working. Bill Budge is working on some games for Mac that I'm sure will blow your mind. Steve Capps wrote The Alice Chess Game, which you can see sometimes, which does some amazing 3D animation. You don't happen to have that, do you? No, I've got it. You've got it? Yeah, I'll go get it. Oh, go get it, yeah. Great. Yes? I can see where Mac White would be much easier to learn than WordStar.

But once you know all the commands, which would be faster, using the cursor or using the command? The question is, after you become an expert, is the mouse still a feature or a handicap? Would anybody like to answer that, or you want me? Anybody else? Depends a lot on the individual user. I'm sure different people will prefer different things. I think all of us up here who've had experience with a mouse far prefer using the mouse to cursor key. Absolutely. There's a few questions. First of all, we've got to do traditional things better with the mouse, and then we've got to do the untraditional things. Now, we all know that it's hard to draw a fish with cursor keys. So we can start off there. The second thing is that, even after you become an expert, we've done a lot of testing.

It does take some extra time to get off of the keyboard and find the mouse, and then get back to the keyboard in home position once you've used the mouse. But even with that delay, it is faster, number one. And number two, after you've selected something, the chances are extremely high that you want to act on that selection, i.e. go up to the top of the screen in the menu bar. And since you're already on the mouse, if you add up both of those, it's much, much faster than cursor keys, in addition to being able to draw a fish. Will students in universities that aren't in this elite consortium also be allowed to buy the Macintosh? Macintosh for $1,000? The question is, will students in those schools that are not part of this consortium be allowed to buy the Macintosh for $1,000? The answer is no.

Why not? Because we go broke. We are currently trying to broaden that program out to probably a larger number of schools in a second generation program. But we're not ready to roll on that right now. And certainly every school has called us about it. So we're in the process of figuring out exactly what to do. But again, our goal is to get these to tens of millions of people. And we know that college students can't necessarily afford $2,500 at that point in their life. So we're going to try some creative solutions to that. Yes? Could we have Loz talk about the future of the Apple II? Sure.

Vaguely and generally, future of the Apple II? Right, we've got some of the most excited Apple enthusiasts in our personal computer systems division, of which I'm a part. And we're working on some absolutely great, what we believe are great revolutionary changes in the world coming out of our division. We've got several great products on the way for this year, not all computers. And, well, I can't say too much more because I'll be specifically describing products in the works. Yeah. Now for Apple IIs, what about upgrading those to IIEs? Upgrading Apple IIs to IIEs? I'm still hoping that someone does it, and I'm pushing for it. Because a IIE has been around for about a year, and maybe it's been seen for a year before that by some developers.

But a lot of the features of the IIE that went beyond the II Plus don't get used right away because there's no really mass market. The software does not use double high res, and it does not use the extended memory of the IIE. That software is about to start appearing, you know, eventually. But it turns out the whole Apple market strongly is very supportive of its prior customers and the people who bought the II Pluses. And that's been the nature of things. So the IIE software has not really started appearing yet. In other words, using features of the IIE that don't work on your II Plus. When that happens, there may be a need for a card. Way in the back there. Yeah. No, you. Two questions. How are you getting the video out of the Mac onto the screen? And do you have a version of Smalltalk that works? Two questions.

One, how are we getting the video out? And second, do we have a version of Smalltalk? We're getting the video out. We add a little board inside the Macintosh that allows us to bring out video. Unfortunately, the Macintosh, well, fortunately, the Macintosh's screen is very high resolution. What that means is you can't plug it into an ordinary TV. And so we didn't spend the extra, you know, ten bucks it would cost to build a video output into each Macintosh because nobody would have anything to hook it up to anyway. So for those people that really need it, we sort of, we can do a special version which has an output, which is what's feeding this projector. In terms of Smalltalk, Bruce Horn actually has implemented several Smalltalks. He was at Xerox PARC at an early age. And I'll let him talk about that. Well, none of us are really working on a version of Smalltalk. But I can say that there's going to be a version of Pascal that has a lot of the good qualities of Smalltalk that Think Technologies is doing.

And I hardly recommend that. I'm sure that somebody will do a version of Smalltalk for it at some point. But for the time being, I think the Think Technologies thing is the greatest in the world. Yes, the one I missed before. Right, yeah, you, quick stand up. No, not. See, you missed it again. Is there going to be continued support for the Apple 3? Is there going to be continued support for the Apple 3? Is that what I'm calling you? I didn't know what your question was. No, seriously. We're shipping about 2,500 Apple 3s a month. And 80% of those are going to people that already own Apple 3s, which means two things. One, the 3 is a pretty niche product.

And two, people are really happy with them. So we anticipate making 3s until the cows come home. With the upgrade of ProDOS on the Apple 2, the Apple 2 software environment is now much closer to the Apple 3. So we anticipate making 3s until the cows come home. So we anticipate making 3s until the cows come home. With the upgrade of ProDOS on the Apple 2, the Apple 2 software environment is now much closer to the Apple 3 software environment. And you're going to see much more of a migration of software between those two. So I think the 3 has got a pretty long life ahead of it. It's probably the fourth largest selling product in the industry right now. And we sort of look at it as our big brother to the Apple 2. Do we have any more questions for the software group up here rather than sort of general marketing ones while they're here? Yeah, right up there.

Does Macintosh do multitasking or not? Who wants to answer that one? Andy? Macintosh does a sort of limited form of multitasking. We allow, as you've seen, these little desk accessory programs such as the calculator and the puzzle we were running. The application yields time to the desk accessories to allow them to run concurrently with the current application. But right now, we have too limited a memory to permit huge programs to run simultaneously. I think probably you'll see something like that in the future. Steve? Yes, Owen? When you ask about multiprocessing, one of the things that you have to keep in mind is what you're really looking for. For example, in printing, it's possible to use it as a background foreground.

You put it in that kind of usage. For example, in printing and in many other places throughout the system, we use something called an idle procedure, a procedure that's passed into other packages that will be called at times when the first one is busy. I know that wasn't too clear. But the idea being that by using something more like a coroutine, you get many of the features of multiprocessing for free. To be very specific, when you look at multi-plan, you'll notice that when you're printing, the application comes back to you, and you can still edit it. And that coroutine type mechanism will give you that type of multiprocessing.

Okay, one or two last questions, and we've got to turn it back over to Jonathan. Yes, right there. Will you guys see more than 128K in one drive in the Mac? Will there ever be more than 128K in one drive in a Mac? Yes and no. Burl has designed the board to accept 256K RAM chips in addition to the 64K RAM chips. So someday when we can get a large enough supply of 256K RAMs, there will be a 512K Mac, and there will be an upgrade path for all the existing owners to bring in their digital board and swap it out for a 512K digital board at a certain price. And that's going to be real exciting. I'd probably be about 1985, hopefully in the first half, when we can do that. In terms of the second disk drive, we're not going to build a second disk drive in a Mac for two or three reasons.

First of all, we don't want everyone to have to pay for a second disk drive when only some people will use it, so the people that will use it can get an outboard disk drive. Secondly, it would increase the weight in terms of it being a transportable small product, and we didn't want to do that. And the third thing is some people may choose to get an add-on Winchester, a Direct Connect Winchester, rather than a second disk drive, and why burden them with having to pay for the second disk drive? So I think that we'll stick with one disk drive. Again, I think sometime maybe in the first half of 1985, we might be able to go to double-sided drives, and obviously, again, we'll provide some sort of upgrade path for the existing owners. It's hard to tell right now. One last question. Over there. Okay. You have wonderful graphics, word processor, spreadsheets. Do you have any plans for a database management system?

Do we have any plans for a database management system? A lot of people have plans for a database management system on Macintosh. I think you'll see half a dozen of them by fall. Okay. Thank you very much. Remember that when you use a Macintosh, these are the people that did it, and they're sort of hiding out in that ROM. Thanks.

Ladies and gentlemen, I have a big brother. He's controlling the multimedia show tonight. So we have a few other things to take care of. If you could please take your seats. First, we'd like to thank all the people from Apple who put a great deal of time and money into this very lavish presentation. You could all do us a great favor by describing, each one of you describing in great detail, what happened tonight to one other BCS member. Close to 1,000 people weren't able to get in, and we're very sorry. But, of course, you should be happy that you made it, and we're going to have a larger location next year. You may be interested to know the March-April computer update has an epic, massive story about the Macintosh, which I worked on for two weeks while I was out at Apple, which you should watch for in your mail in the next few weeks.

It will tell you some of the things that you didn't hear about tonight and some things you'd like to know about. We have a few insanely great BCS meetings coming up in the next couple of months. Wednesday, February 22nd, the General Meeting of the Society will feature Douglas LeGrand, who is Vice President of IBM's Personal Computer Division, who will be talking about PCjr and other... There are developments in 1984 for IBM. Now, I have heard a rumor from a fairly reliable source, and this is just hearsay for the moment, but we have heard that IBM is planning to introduce a major new personal computer about two to three days before the BCS meeting in February.

And there's a very good chance that that will be shown here next month. So if that's the case, you'll probably read about it in your newspaper the day before and you can come to the BCS and see what IBM is up to. Our March meeting is on Wednesday, March 28th and features Nolan Bushnell, the founder of Atari, inventor of the video game, founder of Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theater, and many other interesting things. We'll be coming back to present his new Androbot personal robots. You may remember they were here in August, and the robots, unfortunately, weren't ready yet, but Nolan will be here with these products. Both meetings are Wednesday night. They begin at 7.30 p.m. and are at our regular location at New England Life Hall, 225 Clarendon Street, Boston.

If you're not a member of the Boston Computer Society, this is a good opportunity to remind you you can join outside for $24. You can also sign up for what I believe is the first Macintosh user group in the United States, which we have signup forms available for. You're also free to sign up to get involved and be the director of the first Macintosh user group in the United States. Okay, we have, I believe, one last hands-on session going on downstairs with the Macintosh. There's also literature out front for you to take. I guess the T-shirts are probably all gone, but do join the BCS if you haven't done so already, and we'll see you next month. We will be back. Thank you. See you soon. Thank you again. Thank you.

Thank you, Management associates. Their pleasure. Thank you. Thank you again. Thank you. Thank you again. Thank you. Subscribers, we will never forget you. We will remember you. You're beautiful. You're beautiful. Now, as a matter of fact, in my travels around the country, I noticed that pretty much there are, of course, a few pieces of software you see in all the stores everywhere, but I was a little bit surprised to come out here and I noticed, you know, different pieces of software, just different brands than I'll see on the West Coast.

It's obvious to me that the marketing of software is generally regional for a lot of stuff. Like, what would you have out there that you might not get here, just for the hell of it? I have no idea, but I can't remember specifically. Specifically, how can I remember, because I go through so many hundreds of pieces of software. Also, but it's just in my travels out here, it's usually I'm surprised because it's different, you know, similar pieces, but I never even heard of them, which surprises me. And also, and yet they are in the duplicates and they're just not in the, you know, and I haunt the stores back there. Where are your most excited users? In which part of the country? Most excited? They're actually everywhere, and generally you can be out in some of the most, just rural, you know, areas of Kansas and you discover there's a huge Apple following out there. We're in Silicon Valley and, you know, it seems to go up and down.

It almost depends which group you're in with and which stores they haunt. Do you do a lot of traveling for Apple now? No, matter of fact, I do a ton of traveling, but it's all for myself because I feel that we sprung from a club, a club, a bunch of people who got together like this and shared, I need this, how do I, what kind of hardware is around and it's good. So I go about maybe once a month on the average for the last few years, I go anywhere in the country to clubs that invite me to speak and shows and all. And I just tell them a lot of the stories of how we got started and where we stand. And I answer all questions and I do it at my own expense because I don't really want to feel like I'm being paid to tell a story exactly the way Apple's press public relations department wants it told. I just tell it the way it is. Can you tell us anything about that Rana 8088 that you're- You better drop that.

Is coming out, is how- I can't talk much about that. It's, you know, I'm looking forward to it, but I really do see the 68,000 as my personal interest in growth paths and not the 8088 or 8086. Matter of fact, I was instrumental in taking a hard line against the 8086 for our Lisa machine before the 68,000 came out when we were trying to decide which processor. And I was proposing some bit slice arrangements of my own. And we didn't go too far on that before the 68,000 was much more, it was there and it was much better. Will it be possible since the motherboard of the 2E has got room to be able to put a 68,000 chip and utilize and update Apple 2E that way?

Or let's say an updated Apple version. We're so strongly into any Apple 2 product we come out with building in a coprocessor is a little bit too radical for us. We take very small steps. So we're extremely compatible with what went before. We don't take a major extreme step that's much better but not compatible with what happened before. It can be done. I think a more logical way to get there is Apple 2s always have slots, maybe a specific Apple 2 that is designed with a special slot for 8086 cards and 60,000 cards. For some reason, a special slot might be added that supports those cards better. We have a font editor, which is how they design all of the fonts. A woman named Susan Kerr designed all of the fonts. How many characters can you put across the screen if you put the smallest? If you put really small ones, I would assume over a hundred, 120.

And 9.5 is the smallest font that we have here. 72 is the largest of the project. Will there be other fonts available for the guys here? Anybody can design any fonts that they want. You know, we're gonna be distributing the font editor to users groups. It's not a perfectly polished program but we decided we wanted to get it out in the market. And yeah, you can design your own and with this font mover, you can move them into your system and then they're accessible to all the programs. It's basically, we have a system where fonts reside in resources, they're resource files, and every program knows to look there for the files. What if I wanted to make a little newspaper that had two columns and very tiny print? Would that be possible? Okay, the word processor right now doesn't do columnar word wraparound, which is what you ideally want, right? You want, once you've gotten to the bottom of the page here, to be able to wraparound up there.

There are word processors that are coming out, I'm sure that we'll be doing that. This current one doesn't support that. But on the screen, could you put two columns? Let's kind of paste from one to another. Oh, you certainly could, sure. Yeah, that's probably good. Sure. Everyone. Yeah. No, actually, I worked on the mouse lesson, which is the first thing that anybody's going to use is a little demo program that teaches mouse, get started pointing and clicking techniques. It's just a challenge in showing off a machine to a simple user. Very shortly, we'll start producing those machines that will be both 220 and 110. For security like that, like in the power supplier, maybe if you make some thing, a motherboard type of technology, what are you going to do for existing? Probably, I'm not sure something like that will be available, although it's possible if you have a real need for it, just write a letter to someone and they'll see what they can do.

But every Mac from day one supports the international market through lots of different character sets. All our programs are easily translatable. Here's something that we didn't tell you, but the same facility that lets you translate your applications to different languages allows you to customize your applications to your own needs. So you can actually change the menu items to be whatever you'd like them to be for yourself. Thank you. What's the project? What part of it? That's the resource editor. Yeah, that's the resource editor. It's available now to developers, but right now it's not polished enough to make it. Right now you can use it to kill yourself, and so developers get it. But you have to be a knowledgeable, sophisticated user right now to avoid changing something you shouldn't change.

In other words, it's a powerful tool. Yeah, that's right. And we have lots of fun with it, just changing around. We get programs from other people and we can change around the menus and the icons and the dialogs. It's a lot of fun. The whole app is gonna be able to design your own. Actually, you're responsible for designing an icon. When you produce an application, you have to put in this special part of the file, the icons for the finder to use for your program. And yeah, we have some funny icons. He's done some great ones. This is gonna be fun. I hope we can get off of it. We should. We've done half a dozen products for the two weeks. Oh, sure. Where are the icons? We're storing them right now. Okay, what happens is they're stored in the resource part of an application file. When the finder comes in, it recognizes an application it's never seen before. Yeah, the finder sort of says, hey, I've never seen this guy before, looks inside it and finds its icons and pulls it out into one of its own internal files.

So it doesn't have to keep all the applications open. It just copies the parts of it it needs, mainly the icons into this file called desktop. And that's why it can do it. Yeah, that's why even when the disk is not in there, you can still display the icons, et cetera. Once you wanna do something that's gonna require the disk, then you're in trouble because you have to get the disk back again. It'll just ask you to stick the disk back in. It says, please insert the disk and it gives you the name of the disk. We did that because we realized that a lot of people have two drive software, but we wanted it to run on a single drive if the human was willing to be the multiplexer. It gets a little confused if both disks have the same name. And, you know, you can do that at works, even though it's a little bit of a pain in the neck to swap disks so many times. Who do you think is the most, oh, you have a question?

I say build up your wrists. He's the guy who wrote that amazing chess program. that you saw on the screen, as well as the Finder program and lots of other stuff. Sort of perspective view. The neatest thing, I think, about that is the fact that it's so vanilla, that all I do is call Bill Atkinson's routines. And most games, you're sweating your brain out trying to make the thing so tuned. You know, like Bill Budge, when he writes his games, he's squeezing every last drop out of the machine. And that's squeezing maybe 10% of the machine. And so people that are maniacs are going to stay up all night squeezing the last drop out of the machine. I've got to blow that out of the water. And also, people with just good ideas, but who don't want to develop the technical skill it takes to be an assembly language hacker will still be able to write great games, because we've done all the hard graphics work for them.

Including the animation. Including the very fast and powerful graphics it takes to do the animation. Because it looks like you could do what? You still have to be a good artist. I can't draw pictures like that. And you need to find someone who can to make a really pretty game. Someone will market a picture library. The traditional games have a very small amount of definition in their objects, because they're very small objects, typically. And you can't tell. You can animate, I'd say, three or four or five square inches with no problems at all on this thing. And if you're really that crazy. Bill figured he can draw in, Bill Budge was working on this space shuttle animator. And he figures he can draw the full screen with a very complex image over 10 times a second. And this isn't? Yeah. And how many polygons? 64 polygons? That's tons of polygons.

Real animation? That's tons of polygons, yeah. Right. Can you do similar to sprites? Better than sprites. Because it's all software based. You're not limited by the artificial restrictions of in sprites. Size of the sprites. Yeah, just your imagination is the only thing that really limits you. The one thing that there's an ultimate screen that you can be painting this screen off. This one's being displayed. And then in a fraction of a second, faster than the icons, you can switch to the other one. Oh, you're flipping. Yeah. Just like the Apple II. So that way you get, you know, very nice. How many do you have, just two? Well, just two. Two is all you ever need, right? Because while one's being displayed, you paint the other one. Yeah. So if you can't paint it with a frame times of 60 of a second, if you can't paint your image that fast, you can paint it a little bit slower, but do the flip, which is instantaneous.

Video synchronously. You don't see any glitches or flashing. You can sort of plug into the video heartbeat of the system. The system, you can arrange for the system to call you every time during vertical retrace, which is an excellent time to do display updating, because, you know, the video's not active then. And do incredible smooth animation, never flickers. How's interrupt support? Can you get to the bottom? Oh, it's fully interrupt driven, asynchronous I-O. Because the original Lisa had that problem that it wasn't easy to get to interrupts, I hear. It's reasonably straightforward. You have to know what you're doing. And it's real easy to crash things if you do something wrong. Right. So you should follow the conventions that are well-defined. You can do whatever you want. The best one is if you shut off interrupts, the mouse stops moving. Yeah. Well, yeah. I got the hint that that might happen, since you can move the mouse around while it's turned into a watch and doing disk reads.

Oh, yeah. Well, there's people that claim you can't do cursors on mice without hardware support. That's not true. Yeah, I write ColecoVision cartridges part time, so that's why I'm asking questions about sprites and all that stuff. Oh, yeah. Nothing to me beats a straight bitmap and a fast processor. Because all of a sudden, the limitations go away. That's what's not in that chip, literally. Right. There are some neat things in there. Video digitizers, cheap video digitizers that let people capture any image that they see in the world and put it on the screen and edit it with paint and use it for games. That's how you set the fish up there. Yeah. Digitize. Oh, that came from a photo or something like that? Yeah, some amazing video digitization stuff. And what he's going to do is provide to the club, such as this Boston Computer Society, disks full of hardware, just images that you can paste into your documents.

Copyright-free. Like a fake book for graphic artists or something. Yeah, exactly. Or old... So you'll see Dover sells all those copyright-free designs? Uh-huh. So we'll put a bunch of that stuff in the public domain, and I imagine a lot of artists will want to do some real fancy ones and sell them. In fact, somebody's selling clipart for the lease right now. Right now? Yeah. Just stick in a disk and take the images you want and then pull it out and put something else in. Okay. Well, thanks very much for your kind explanations. What's with the feet, by the way? He actually, for Christmas, he bought the entire software group shoes like this. I see. I like them. They're great. Can you get... You can't buy them here? I've never seen them. Oh, yeah. They're sort of like... They're called Vans. They're sort of like step-in slippers.

Yeah. Oh, they have high tops. The name of the shoe is Vans. Put in a plug for Vans. You can buy them here? Yeah, you can. Oh, okay. What everybody's wearing now are white high-top sneakers, un-laced. Is that right? Yeah. Don't they fall off? I guess not. No, because they're very carefully... Well, no, they're laced, but they're not tied tightly. Oh, okay, I see. They're very carefully, they're very systematically laced. Huh, all right. They're un-topped. God, we're behind the... I know, we've got to start a new trend here.